文章摘要
刘家宏,王建华,李海红,李悦.城市生活用水指标计算模型[J].水利学报,2013,44(10):
城市生活用水指标计算模型
A mathematic model for rational domestic water demand considering climate and economic development factors
  
DOI：
中文关键词: 水资源  生活用水  城市节水  用水指标计算  模型率定
英文关键词: water resources  domestic water  water-saving  water use quota  model calibration
基金项目:
作者单位
刘家宏 1. 中国水利水电科学研究院流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室，北京100038；2. 水利部水资源与水生态工程技术研究中心，北京100044 
王建华 1. 中国水利水电科学研究院流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室，北京100038；2. 水利部水资源与水生态工程技术研究中心，北京100044 
李海红 1. 中国水利水电科学研究院流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室，北京100038；2. 水利部水资源与水生态工程技术研究中心，北京100044 
李悦 河海大学水文水资源与水利工程国家重点实验室，江苏南京210098 
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中文摘要:
      随着城市化的发展和居民生活水平的提高，城市生活用水量持续增加。遏制城市生活用水的过快增长成为经济社会用水调控的关键，城市合理用水控制指标是开展城市节水的重要依据。本文通过分析城市生活用水的主要影响因子，剖析了城市生活用水指标的演变机理，建立了考虑气候、经济发展水平等因素的城市生活用水指标计算模型。基于我国南北不同气候带和不同经济发展水平的12 个城镇的人均GDP、气温及现状用水定额等数据，采用分组寻优的办法，率定了4个主要参数的数值。率定的模型通过了全国31个主要城市用水指标的计算检验。结果显示，本文所建立的模型能够较好地反映不同气候背景下、不同经济发展阶段的城市生活用水差异性，可以作为城市生活用水指标的计算工具。
英文摘要:
      The urban domestic water consumption has grown by 5% a year on average in China since 2000，which is the fastest growth compared with other water demands. The domestic water demand will continually increase with the development of economy， urbanization and the improvement of living standards. To curb the excessive growth of water demand for human beings， it is of importance to control the water demands in households. Implementation of the price ladder system based on the water use quota is a main measure to promote the water saving in household. The key issue is how to calculate the rational domestic water demand for cities with different economic development level. This paper describes the development of a mathematic model for calculating the rational domestic water demand. The model considers climate factors， economic development factors， and water-saving awareness. Four main parameters of the model were calibrated by grouping optimization approach based on datasets from 12 cities located in the north and the south of China. The basic data for calibration includes gross domestic product（GDP） per capita，daily temperature， quota of domestic water demand， etc. The model has been verified in 31 main cities， which are distributed throughout the main climatic zones of China. The results show that this model can reflect the differences of domestic water demands under different climate conditions and different stages of economic development. It also reveals the difference of water-saving awareness in different cities. The developed model can be used as a computing tool to determine the rational domestic water demand in cities.
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