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                         Three-dimensional numerical simulation and mixed-integer multi-objective
                            optimization for preventing seawater intrusion using subsurface dams

                                   1,2           1,2              1              3           4
                            YIN Jina , LU Chunhui , SHEN Chengji , CHEN Huawei , CHEN Lin
                          (1. The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing  210024, China;
                            2. Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing  210024, China;
                                 3. Water Resources Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan  250013, China;
                               4. China Geological Survey Shenyang Geological Survey Center, Shenyang  110000, China)


                  Abstract: Coastal areas suffer from seawater intrusion due to over-exploitation of groundwater resources. Subsur⁃
                  face dam can prevent seawater intrusion, but a large amount of saline water will be trapped at the landside of the
                  dam. Due to unknown saltwater retreat mechanism, oversimplified models and single remediation strategy behind
                  subsurface dams under complex hydrogeological conditions, this study proposes a method coupling 3D numerical
                  simulation with multi-objective intelligent optimization for seawater intrusion control using subsurface dams. Taking
                  the Huangshuihe Reservoir area of Longkou City in Shandong Province as a case study, a 3D variable-density
                  groundwater flow and salt transport model was constructed using SEAWAT_V4. The SEAWAT_V4 model was then
                  coupled with an improved NSGA-II to establish a mixed-integer multi-objective intelligent optimization model to
                  control seawater intrusion, considering two conflicting objectives of reducing the total amount of groundwater extrac⁃
                  tion-injection as well as minimizing seawater intrusion. The results show that effectiveness of controlling saltwater
                  intrusion is remarkably affected by locations and lengths of the subsurface dam. Saltwater extraction and freshwater
                  injection can form a regional hydraulic barrier, effectively remediate saline water at the landside of the dam, and
                  significantly slow down the extent of seawater intrusion. The Pareto-optimal front obtained from the optimization
                  framework provides a widely spread optimal saltwater extraction and freshwater injection strategies, which can meet
                  different management needs of decision makers.
                  Keywords: subsurface dam; seawater intrusion; groundwater numerical simulation; multi-objective optimization;
                  saltwater extraction and freshwater injection


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